Seven Principles of Poultry Farming

Poultry farming should follow the principle of "health is more important than prevention, prevention is more important than treatment, and health and prevention are combined". In the management process, we should pay attention to the following 7 aspects.

1. Change the concept and strengthen the disinfection. Regular disinfection of the external environment of the house and cleaning of feeding equipment. And check drinking utensils at any time to avoid dirt.

2. Improve the disease resistance of poultry itself. Individuals with poor physique not only increase the cost of breeding, but also affect the production performance. Therefore, healthy breeding must choose high-quality chicks to win at the starting line. At the same time, even high-quality chicks have poor thermoregulation ability, high oxygen consumption, and weak disease resistance, and the immune system develops the fastest, and has to withstand the stress of multiple vaccine immunizations, resulting in Immune organs are damaged to varying degrees, which can easily lead to infection of immunosuppressive diseases.

3. Strengthen immunity and improve the immunity of animals themselves. Vaccine immunization is one of the most effective measures to prevent and control diseases, and it is also one of the main means to improve the non-specific immunity of poultry. However, when choosing vaccines and vaccine immunization programs, most farmers do not conduct experimental research on poultry flocks, and there is no scientific basis. In fact, when choosing vaccines, you do not necessarily have to choose imported products, but you must choose high-quality vaccines from regular manufacturers. The key is that the vaccines match the type of local epidemic strains.

4. Add mycotoxin adsorbent. At present, mold and mycotoxins have seriously polluted feed and feed raw materials, causing chronic poisoning of poultry, and causing diseases such as glandular gastritis, muscle gastritis, and air sac inflammation in poultry. According to years of experience, adding toxin adsorbents (such as Demyoga) in the feed can effectively reduce the incidence of glandular gastritis and reduce the incidence of airsacculitis to varying degrees.

5. Improve the anti-infection ability of the mucosa. The secretion of poultry mucosa not only has the effect of expelling foreign bodies, but also has a large number of immune factors and beneficial bacteria, which can kill pathogenic microorganisms and protect the integrity of organs.

6. Regularly add health-care additives. Raising chickens should develop in a direction that is in line with nature, consider chickens from the perspective of chickens, and let chickens live in a natural and comfortable environment. Post-recovery period and other stages) to supplement the required nutrients, long-term addition of compound probiotics to regulate intestinal flora balance, improve feed conversion rate, improve eggshell color, improve eggshell quality, improve egg production rate, increase egg production and prolong At the same time of peak egg production, improve the uniformity and disease resistance of the flock.

7. Manage staff and feeding management files. The archives of large-scale farms must be authentic, complete and scientific, and there must be a special person to sort out the records and keep them. The farm manager should personally supervise the implementation and carefully check the work every day, so that there are loopholes to be supplemented in time. Finally, professional and technical personnel conduct analysis, scientifically calculate the factors that determine the success or failure of the batch of breeding, and report to the superiors after improvement.

Therefore, only through the above comprehensive management measures can the comprehensive economic benefits of raising poultry be improved.

This organ of the chicken must be raised well, otherwise it will be fatal!

 The theory of traditional Chinese medicine says that "the liver qi is relieved, and the water channels are opened and adjusted". The liver is the mother of the heart. Once the metabolic function of the liver declines, unclean blood will naturally enter the heart and perfuse the tissue cells of the whole body. Can it be cured?

The liver is the only hematopoietic organ in birds, and it is involved in the regulation of the body's blood volume, the production of heat, and the regulation of water and electrolytes. For example, when the liver is damaged, the electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, iron, and phosphorus are unbalanced, and it is common that water and sodium are retained in the body, causing edema and ascites.

for laying hens

For laying hens, the quality of the liver determines the number of eggs produced: the liver is an important organ for yolk formation, responsible for transporting raw materials to the ovaries and follicles to synthesize yolks. The main components of yolk are yolk protein and phospholipid. The liver synthesizes yolk protein from amino acids in the body, and combines yolk protein and phospholipid to form yolk. After blood circulation, it is sent to the follicle to synthesize yolk. So the health of the liver directly determines the number of eggs produced.

If the liver and kidney are damaged, it is easy to cause metabolic disorders, low immunity, stunted growth, decreased egg production rate and poor egg quality in livestock and poultry, which will affect the digestion and absorption of feed, reduce the utilization rate of feed, increase the death rate, and seriously affect the economy. benefit!

for broilers

For broilers, broilers grow fast, and farms use high-protein feeds. However, the development of its heart, lungs, liver and other functions is relatively lagging behind. If the blood pumping of the heart cannot supply the blood required for the growth and development of the chicken, the blood stored in the liver must be used. Originally, the liver is responsible for many tasks such as detoxification and synthesis of nutrients.

The overloaded operation of the machine also requires the maintenance of lubricants, and the liver has been working in such an overloaded way, and it is necessary to add some antibiotics to him from time to time, and then there are mycotoxins in the feed, and finally the liver cells surrender! Therefore, broilers have a series of nutritional metabolism problems such as liver enlargement, brittleness, liver rupture, and ascites.

The death of chickens is mainly due to liver and kidney failure. Liver and kidney are homologous, and the treatment of kidney disease starts from the liver.

Various causes of swollen head and swollen eyes in chickens

 Recently, many breeding friends have been asking why chickens have swollen heads and swollen eyes. This situation is often seen in the breeding process. Some chicken diseases and improper breeding management can cause such situations. Let me introduce them to you one by one. .

1. Swollen head and swollen face caused by environmental factors

Poor ventilation, damp litter in the house, and failure to clean up feces in time will lead to the accumulation of toxic and harmful gases such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.

Stimulate the eyes and trachea of ​​chickens, causing chickens to cry, swollen eyes, swollen heads, coughing, nose flinging, snoring and other symptoms, which can easily lead to the occurrence of chronic breathing disease.

2. Swollen head and swollen face caused by vaccine reaction

Improper inoculation of inactivated vaccines can cause swelling of the head of sick chickens when inoculated with oil adjuvant vaccines close to the head. Cut the swollen part, there are unabsorbed oil seedlings inside, and there are bleeding spots under the skin.

3. Swollen head and swollen eyes caused by common diseases

1）. Passage: The sick chicks open their mouths, stretch their necks, pant, and when they put them on the ears, they can hear the sound of "Er" or "Ouch" in their throats. The bronchi and bronchioles of the sick chickens are blocked by yellow cheese, commonly known as "bronchial blockage". .

2）. Avian Influenza: Avian influenza caused by avian influenza virus shows swelling of the face and swollen beard. The disease is highly contagious. First of all, severe respiratory symptoms occurred in the flock, breathing difficulties, the chickens opened their mouths to breathe, made strange noises, and died acutely. The characteristic performance of chicken feet and scales was bleeding.

3）. Infectious laryngotracheitis: caused by laryngeal virus, mainly occurs in laying hens, typical diseased chickens open their mouths and stretch their necks, make strange noises, and seriously ill chickens cough up bloody sputum, which hangs in chicken cages or Take the feces.

4）. Escherichia coli air sac inflammation: the sick chickens have a dry cough, stretch their necks, open their mouths to breathe, and make strange sounds. The dead chickens had mucus in the mouth and trachea, the air sacs thickened and became cloudy, the gray-white secretions in the trachea increased, and the liver was covered with a gray-white film.

5）. Avian cholera: Caused by Pasteurella, the diseased chickens are mostly chronic, showing swollen beards and hard texture. Acute cases often die without seeing the lesion.

6）. Avian infectious rhinitis: caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum. The main features are nasal or sinus inflammation, runny nose, sneezing, facial swelling, conjunctivitis, decreased egg production, growth arrest, and massive caseous exudate in the suborbital sinus.

7）. Mycoplasma disease: caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, mainly characterized by inflammation of the nasal cavity and sinuses, swelling of the suborbital sinus, swelling of the eyelids, protruding eye glands, and foamy tears flowing out of the corners of the eyes. Sick chickens have difficulty breathing, fling their noses, and make breathing rales, which are prone to secondary E. coli and cause death.

All of the above are the reasons that may cause swollen heads, swollen eyes and swollen faces of chickens. Breeding friends should pay attention to identification and prescribe the right medicine in the process of raising chickens.

The basic knowledge of poultry farming, a classic summary!

1. Before 10 days old: (day age + 2) g

2. Age 10-20 days: (age +1) g

3. 20-50 days old: grams of material = day old

4. Age 51-150 days: 50+ (age-50 days)/2

5. Breeding chickens over 150 days old: stable over 100g

6. Egg production peak: about 120g

7. According to the above calculation method, the accumulated feed consumption of one hen reaches 150 days of age is 8.84kg, and the annual feed consumption of laying hens is 36.5kg, which can basically meet the needs of laying eggs.

2. Calculation method of daily feed intake of broilers (subject to Ross 308 broiler):

1). 1-10 days old: the first day: 6g, then increase by 4g per day, such as: 7 days: 30g

2). 11-20 days old: (day age-2)/10 *50 such as: 15 days: 65g

3). 21-30 days old: (day age-1)/10 *50 such as: 26 days 125g

4). 31-40 days old: daily age/10*50 such as: 175g in 35 days

5). 40-50 days old: 200g

Under normal circumstances, when fed with full-price feed, each chicken eats 4.5kg in total, and the average weight can reach 2.5kg. Usually, the chickens should not exceed the daily feed intake during breeding. If it exceeds, the chickens are considered abnormal. , In the process of feeding and management, it is necessary to appropriately limit its feed intake, otherwise the chickens are prone to disease or difficult to control after the disease.

3. Clinical application of several Escherichia coli drugs:

◆They are both Escherichia coli drugs, but their characteristics are different. Only by making full use of their characteristics, the disease will be treated with half the effort. Cephalosporin (containing fosfomycin sodium and calcium) in the treatment of swollen head syndrome has a significant effect after 1-2 hours. It is the fastest drug for the treatment of swollen head syndrome. It is similar to lactams, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. The combination is synergistic. First use apramycin for 2 hours and then use fluoroquinolones to use time difference therapy, and the effect is good.

◆Florfenicol has the characteristics of quick-acting and long-acting, long half-life, long-lasting effective blood drug concentration in the body, and also has a certain curative effect on the respiratory tract.

4. Birds go through several moults from brooding to maturity:

◆From brooding to body maturity, feathers need to be replaced 4 times, respectively at 4-5 weeks, 7-8 weeks, 12-13 weeks, and 18-20 weeks. At this stage, it is necessary to strengthen nutrition, especially protein (Sulfur-containing amino acids), increase temperature, prevent respiratory tract!

5. Egg laying time of poultry:

◆Theoretically, 12:00 noon every day is the time for the release of egg yolk or ovulation, 13:00-17:00 is the time for egg white and eggshell membrane formation, 16:00-8:00 is the time for eggshell formation, 8:00 Around 00 is the egg laying time, and 4:00-20:00 is the light time of the chickens and the feeding time of the chickens.

6. The acidity and alkalinity of the digestive tract of poultry:

◆All parts of the digestive tract of poultry are acidic, and the PH value is the most in the intestines. The alkalinity of the intestine is neutralized by bile, so it is acidic.

7. The difference between the original powder and the finished drug:

◆From 2005.10.1, the management of original powder is prohibited. Due to the incorrect use of the original powder, drug-resistant strains appear rapidly, the mutation rate of bacteria and viruses is much faster than that of research and development, the disease is more difficult to treat, and a vicious cycle occurs. E. coli is becoming more and more difficult to treat.

◆Original powder: a. low solubility; b. large side effects (nephrotoxicity); c. easy to produce drug resistance; d. large dosage.

◆Finished drug: a. Easy to dissolve; b. The formula is reasonable, the effect is fast and good, and the drug effect lasts for a long time; c. There is no drug residue and drug resistance.

8.the characteristics or characteristics of chloramphenicol:

◆The principle of its ban is that it can cause irreversible damage to the bone marrow, affect the hematopoietic and immune organs, and the residue can cause aplastic anemia, leukemia, etc. Its characteristics: heat-resistant, boiled for 5 hours without damage, easy to fail in case of alkali. Based on such properties, it is added to some traditional Chinese medicines to enhance the effect and increase the amount of mixing materials. But for flocks, it can seriously affect the production performance of chickens.

9. the use of mycoplasma drugs:

◆Current drugs for the treatment of mycoplasma: macrolides: erythromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin, azithromycin; tetracyclines: oxytetracycline, doxycycline; lincomycin, fluorine Quinolones.

◆Clarithromycin is currently the most widely used drug in humans, and its effect is better than that of azithromycin. ◆Enrofloxacin is relatively familiar. In fact, the effect of treating mycoplasma is quite obvious. It is recommended that everyone use the drug at the right time. Doxycycline has been used less in the past two years, and is now more sensitive and less expensive.

10.the use of commonly used disinfectants:

◆Iodine can kill coccidia eggs, so in the event of coccidiosis (enterotoxic syndrome), the effect of drinking water and environmental disinfection is multiplied with half the effort. At the same time, iodine can kill mold. Therefore, such products should be used more in early autumn when mold is prone to occur.

◆Chlorine-containing disinfectants can be used to purify water in places with poor water sources or in places prone to E. coli.

◆Disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium salts can kill Myxobacteria in chicken drinking water pipes, and frequent use can prevent clogging.

◆Potassium permanganate is the mildest disinfectant with the least irritation to the intestines. The maximum dose is 0.01%, and its oxygen ion content is high. Therefore, it can effectively prevent and treat anaerobic bacterial infection when you have intestinal diseases (necrotizing enteritis, enterotoxic syndrome).

11. What role can baking soda play in poultry farming?

①Acid-base balance regulator, acid-base imbalance can cause a series of diseases, and it is usually added to prevent body disorder or sub-health state.

②Promote digestion and increase weight gain.

③Anti-heat stress, the dosage is 0.1-0.5‰.

12. What effect does Vc play on poultry?

◆Vc is involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, collagen and interstitial synthesis, which can reduce the permeability of capillaries, stimulate blood coagulation, accelerate blood coagulation, promote iron absorption in the intestine, and increase the risk of infection. resistance. Involved in detoxification and has antihistamine effects.

◆Frequent use has a good effect on stimulating hematopoiesis, detoxification, relieving summer heat, and adjuvant therapy for high fever diseases.

13. the specific role of protein and energy:

◆When talking about feed, most people would say that the level of protein determines the quality of the feed, but this is not the case. The real evaluation of the quality of the feed is still a feeding experiment. First, high protein may not be able to absorb it; second, whether the protein and energy are in balance. If the protein is too high and the energy is low, the protein will be partially converted into energy to supply its needs, which will cause a lot of waste, which is not worth the gain.

◆Protein raw materials: soybean meal, cotton meal, rapeseed meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, meat floss meal.

◆Energy raw materials: corn, vegetable oil, animal oil.

◆Protein is the source of muscle for broilers, and energy determines its growth rate and later fattening degree. For laying hens, protein controls egg weight, and energy determines egg production rate.

14. Check feed quality through autopsy changes:

◆The color of the abdominal and subcutaneous fat at autopsy can judge the quality of corn. Good corn is yellow fat. Hyperplasia of the pancreas is evidence of high soybean meal or miscellaneous meal quality or feather meal content.

15. Use of anthelmintics:

◆Whether it is a nematode or a coccidial drug, it is best to use it in the afternoon. After the action of the drug at night, the dead worms or live worms can be excreted once in the morning, so cleaning and disinfection in the early morning can reduce the chance of recurrence.

16. Chicks' drinking water and eating time:

◆The chicken should drink water 21 hours after hatching, and it is most suitable to start eating 24 hours. If the long-distance transportation does not operate normally according to the predetermined time, the first start of eating must also be carried out 4 hours after the opening of the drink.

◆The chickens after pecking must first drink water and then eat 2-4 hours apart.

17. chicken stocking density:

◆8-12 broilers/m3 according to the size of the chicken house to determine the number of chickens. Winter is more than summer.

◆4 laying hens/cage determine the number of incoming chickens, 40/cage when brooding, 6-10/cage when bred.

18. What is the relationship between the taste and smell of poultry and medication?

◆Chicken has only 29 taste buds, its sense of taste is not sensitive, but its sense of smell is more sensitive. When adding medicine to poultry drinking water or feed, the bitter taste of general medicine does not affect eating and drinking, but when the poultry suffers from indigestion and decreased appetite, the effect of using bitter medicine is extremely poor. Poultry does not discriminate salty taste in feed. Birds have a better olfactory system, so they will reject feed and water that smells of drugs.

19. Management of chicken flocks under high temperature conditions in summer;

①In order to make poultry adapt to high temperature physiologically a. Adopt open poultry house to raise pure line of grandparents and parental poultry in high temperature weather in summer b. Raising the incubation temperature by 0.1°C in the last three days of the incubator will not affect the hatchability c. In the first two or three weeks of brooding, the temperature is raised to 35 degrees, 33 degrees, and 30 degrees respectively. This method is the most effective and completely controlled by the farmers.

②Add anti-stress drugs to resist high temperature. Drink 2g/L electrolytes, 0.5g/LVc, 0.5g/L sodium salicylate or paracetamol before arrest or transfer.

③Adjust the feeding time to 4:00, 18:00, 22:00. During the high temperature period, the feeding trough is empty, and the empty digestive system helps to slow down the rate of basal metabolism of the chickens, thereby reducing the temperature.

20. Feed additives and dosage for anti-heat stress:

◆Sodium bicarbonate 1-4kg/T; paracetamol 250g/T; diazepam 0.5-1.0g/T;

Sodium salicylate 250-500g/T; Chlorpromazine 5--10g/T; Vc 200g/T; Chlorpheniramine maleate 5--10g/T;

Aspirin 0.05-0.20%; honey 3-5% improves palatability and can also be used as a source of potassium to effectively control heat stress symptoms.

◆The above additives can be used alone or at most three, which can effectively relieve heat stress!

21. the use of fumigation disinfection:

◆For each cubic meter of space, use 28ml of formalin, 14g of potassium permanganate, and 14ml of water. The fumigation time is 24 hours. It is best to close the chicken house for more than two weeks after disinfection. If it is disinfected with solid formaldehyde, 3.5g/m3 can be placed in the heat source.

22. What is the reason for less fog during fumigation and disinfection?

◆At present, fumigation is still one of the best methods, but the disadvantage is that the operation process is strict, the indoor temperature is 20℃, and the humidity is about 60%. If the fog is less, the humidity of the air is low, so it is enough to increase the humidity.

23. Why is the brooding period the period with the highest morbidity and mortality in the flock?

①The external environment of chicks changes after hatching, and they need to adapt, so they are in a state of stress, and management should be strengthened to make them adapt as soon as possible.

②The chicks are infected with bacteria or poison, and the physique is weak. Improper preventive medicine will lead to death, so it is very important for the chicks to open the mouth.

24. The most common age of onset of bursa:

◆The bursa is a unique central immune organ of birds. The bursa of the 60-day-old chicks is the most developed, and then gradually shrinks and disappears in adulthood. It is a sac-like structure filled with lymphoid tissue. The early body resistance comes from this, so damage to the bursa affects the immune response.

25. Immunization methods and specific requirements for poultry:

◆Nasal drops, eye drops: form antibodies in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract to prevent diseases that can be transmitted by the respiratory tract. The method of operation is to wait for the corns or nose to absorb the vaccine and then put it back into the flock to ensure the effect.

◆Drinking water: Form strong antibodies in the digestive tract to prevent diseases that can be transmitted by the digestive tract. The operation method does not require metal containers. The water requirement is deep well water, which needs to be placed for 24 hours. Tap water cannot be used. When applying the bursa vaccine, add 0.5% nonfat dry milk to protect the vaccine.

◆Intramuscular, subcutaneous injection: It will form blood circulating antibodies. Intramuscular injection will prevent stabbing the liver. Subcutaneous injection is placed in the subcutaneous 1/3 of the neck. If it is too close to the head, it will cause swelling of the head and eyelids. Whether injecting oil vaccine or water vaccine, it is necessary to prevent the vaccine from being drawn back into the needle.

◆Spraying: It is one of the better methods, because it simulates natural infection, so the effect is the best, but the requirements are very high, and it is not suitable to be implemented in family farms.

◆Anal application: It is a way to prevent throat transmission.

26. How much water should be added when the vaccine is diluted with the four different vaccine methods?

◆Take 1,000 immunized chickens as an example:

(1) Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection: 200ml for 1 week old, 200ml for 2-4 weeks old, 200-500ml for 5-10 weeks old, 200-500ml for 10 weeks old and above.

(2) Nasal drops or eye drops: Dilute with 25-30ml of water in each phase.

(3) Drinking water: 5000ml for one week old, 10000ml for 2-4 weeks old, 20000ml for 5-10 weeks old, and 40000ml for over 10 weeks old.

(4) Spray: add 300ml for one week old, 500ml for 2-4 weeks old, 1000ml for 5-10 weeks old, and 2000ml for over 10 weeks old.

27. Advantages and disadvantages of several vaccines against Newcastle disease:

Clone-30

Advantages: It does not affect maternal antibodies, has low toxicity, and has a gentle effect, which can well balance the antibodies of chickens.

Disadvantages: The titer of the formed antibody is low and the maintenance time is short.

Ⅳ series

Advantages: The toxicity is slightly stronger than that of C30, and its antibody maintains a long time. It is currently the most widely used vaccine.

Disadvantage: It can cause uneven antibodies in chickens.

Series I

Advantages: It is a strong poison in poisoning, which can stimulate the body to produce interferon, and the antibody maintains for a long time. It is a vaccine that must be used in basic immunity.

Disadvantages: It is highly toxic and is only suitable for use after two months of age. The use of laying hens can cause egg production to decline.

28. What are the requirements for drinking water immunity, and the specific operation?

①The ideal state of drinking water immunity is to finish drinking water within an hour, and it is required to cut off water before drinking. The length of time depends on the weather.

②The best water for immunity should be distilled water or cold boiled water, and the last should be deep well water. Tap water contains bleaching powder, so it is best not to use it.

If it must be used, it must be dried for 8 hours before adding a dechlorination agent, that is, add 3-10ml of 10% sodium thiosulfate per 10L of water.

③In order to ensure the effect, it is best to add a vaccine protective agent to the water, such as 0.2-0.5% of skim milk powder.

④In the hot season, the immunization time should be carried out in the morning, and the high temperature time can be avoided to prevent the effect from being affected.

⑤Disinfectants and antiviral drugs (available in traditional Chinese medicine) should not be used for 3 days before and after immunization, and avoid sunlight when using vaccines.

29. Immunization of avian influenza:

◆Critical protection value of 4-6log2 The first immunization day should be around 10 days old, but because the immune system is not fully developed to affect the response effect, the antibody rises slowly and declines rapidly. 14 days after immunization, the antibody titer can reach 5.86-7.45log2, which can protect the chickens 100%. The antibody can reach the highest peak 28-35 days after immunization, and the 100% protection period is 2 months.

30. Can the emergency vaccination of the Ⅰ series vaccine cure chickenpox well?

◆It can be effectively controlled! After the occurrence of chickenpox, emergency vaccination of 2 times the amount of the I-strain vaccine can effectively control the occurrence and development of chickenpox, because the I-strain vaccine